呼和浩特天气情况_呼和浩特天气预报浩特最新消息
1.青铜峡天气青铜峡天气预报
第三章(1)
乌孙王号昆莫,昆莫之父,匈奴西边小国也。匈奴攻杀其父,而昆莫生,弃于野,乌肉蜚其上,狼往乳之。单于怪,以为神,而收长之。及壮,使将兵,数有功。单于复以其父之民予昆莫,令长守于西城……单于死,昆莫乃率其众,远徙中立,不肯朝会匈奴。匈奴遣奇兵击不胜,以为神,而远之。
——司马迁《史记·大宛列传》
第二天清晨,果然无风无雪。蒙古包的炊烟像一棵细长高耸的白桦,树梢直直地窜上天空,窜上腾格里。牛羊还在慢慢地反刍,阳光已驱走了冬夜的寒气,牛羊身上的一层白霜刚刚化成了白露,很快又变成了一片轻薄的白雾。
陈阵请邻居官布替他放一天羊。官布的成分是牧主,是当时的被管制分子,已被剥夺放牧权,但四个知青一有机会就让他代放牲畜,嘎斯迈会把相应的工分给他。陈阵和另一个羊倌杨克,套上一辆铁轱辘轻便牛车,去毕利格老人家。
与陈阵同住一个蒙古包的同班同学杨克,是北京一所著名大学名教授的儿子,他家里的藏书量相当于一个小型图书馆。在高中时,陈阵就常常与杨克换书看,看完了交换读后感,总是十分投机。在北京时杨克性情温和腼腆,见生人说话还脸红,想不到来草原吃了两年的羊肉牛排奶豆腐,晒了四季的蒙古高原强紫外线的阳光,转眼间已变成了身材壮实的草原大汉,手脸与牧民一样红得发紫,性格上也大大少了书生气。这会儿,杨克比陈阵还激动,他坐在牛车上一边用木棒敲牛胯骨一边说:昨天我一夜都没睡好,以后毕利格阿爸再去打猎,你一定得让我跟他去一次,哪怕趴上两天两夜我也干。狼还能为人做这等好事,真是闻所未闻。今天我非得亲手挖出一只黄羊我才能相信……咱们真能拉一车黄羊回来?
那还有。陈阵笑道:阿爸说了,再难挖,也得保证先把咱们家的牛车装满,好用黄羊去换东西,换年货,给咱们包多添置一些大毡子。
杨克乐得挥着木棒,把牛打得直瞪眼。他对陈阵说:看来你迷了两年狼没白迷,往后,我也得好好跟狼学学打猎的兵法了。没准,将来打仗也能用得上……你说的可能还真是个规律,要是长期在这片大草原上过原始游牧的生活,到最后,不管哪个民族都得崇拜狼,拜狼为师,像匈奴、乌孙、突厥、蒙古等等草原民族都是这样,书上也是这么写的。不过,除了汉族之外。我敢肯定,咱们汉人就是在草原呆上几个世纪,也不会崇拜狼图腾的。
不一定吧。陈阵勒了勒马说:比如我,现在就已经原狼折服,这才来草原两年多一点儿时间。
杨克反驳说:可中国人绝大多数是农民,或者就是农民出身,汉人具有比不锈钢还顽固不化的小农意识,他们要是到了草原,不把狼皮了才怪了呢。中国汉族是农耕民族,食草民族,从骨子里就怕狼恨狼,怎么会崇拜狼图腾呢?中国汉人崇拜的是主管农业命脉的龙王爷——龙图腾,只能顶礼膜拜,诚惶诚恐,逆来顺受。哪敢像蒙古人那样学狼、护狼、拜狼又杀狼。人家的图腾才真能对他们的民族精神和性格,直接产生龙腾狼跃的振奋作用。农耕民族与游牧民族的民族性格,差别太大了。过去淹在汉人的汪洋大海还没什么感觉,可是一到草原上,咱们农耕民族身上的劣根性全被比较出来了。你别看我爸是大教授,其实我爸的爷爷、我妈的姥姥全是农民……
陈阵接过话来说:尤其在古代,人口几乎只有汉族百分之一的蒙古民族,对世界产生的震撼和影响却远远超过汉族。直到现在,中国汉族仍被西方称为蒙古人种,汉人自己也接受了这个名称。可是,当秦汉统一中国的时候,蒙古民族的祖先连蒙古这个名字还没有呢,我真为汉族感到难受。中国人就喜欢筑起长城这个大圈墙,自吹自擂,自视为世界的中央之国,中央帝国。可是在古代西方人的眼里,中国只不过是个“丝国”、“瓷国”、“茶国”,甚至俄罗斯人一直认为历史上那个小小的契丹就是中国,至今不改,还管中国叫“契达依”。
看来,狼还真值得一迷。杨克说:我也受你传染了,害得我一看史书就往西戎、东夷、北狄、南蛮方向看。我也越来越想跟狼交交手,过过招了。
陈阵说:看看,你也快成蒙古人了。输点狼血吧,血统杂交才有优势嘛。
杨克说:我真得谢谢你把我鼓动到草原上来。你知道吗,当时你的哪句话点中了我的命门穴位?忘啦?就是这句话,你说——草原上有最辽阔的原始和自由。
陈阵松开了马嚼子,说:我原话肯定不是这么说的,你把我的原话醋溜了吧。
两人大笑,牛车跑出两溜雪尘。
人群、狗群和车队,在雪原上组成了一幅类似吉普赛人的热闹生活场景。
整个嘎斯迈生产小组,四个浩特(两个紧挨驻扎的蒙古包为一个“浩特”),八个蒙古包都出了人力和牛车。八九辆牛车上装着大毡、长绳、木锨、木柴和木杆铁钩。人们都穿上了干脏活累活的脏旧皮袍,脏得发亮,旧得发黑,上面还补着焦**的羊皮补丁。但人狗快乐得却像是去打扫战场、起获战利品的古代蒙古军队的随军部落。马队车队一路酒一路歌,一只带毡套的扁酒壶,从队前传到队尾,又从女人手传到男人口。歌声一起,蒙古民歌、赞歌、战歌、酒歌和情歌,就再也闸不住了。四五十条蒙古大狗茸毛盛装,为这难得一聚的出行,亢奋得像是得了孩子们的“人来疯”,围着车队翻滚扯咬,互相不停地打情骂俏。
陈阵和巴图、兰木扎布两个马倌,还有五六个牛倌羊倌,像簇拥部落酋长那样拥在毕利格老人的左右。宽脸直鼻,具有突厥血统大眼睛的兰木扎布说:我枪法再准,也比不上您老的本事,您老不费一枪一弹,就能让全组家家过个富年。您有了陈阵这个汉人徒弟也不能忘了您的蒙古老徒弟啊,我咋就想不到昨天狼群会在那片山打围呢。
老人瞪他一眼说:往后你打上了猎物,得多想着点组里的几个老人和知青,别让人家光闻着肉味,也不见你送肉过去。陈阵上你家去,你才想着送他一条羊腿。蒙古人是这样待客的吗?我们年轻时候,每年打着的头一只黄羊和獭子,都先送给老人和客人。年轻人,你们把大汗传下来的老规矩都忘光了。我问问你,你还差几条狼就能赶上白音高毕公社那个打狼英雄布赫啦?你真想上报纸,上广播,领那份奖?要是你们把狼打绝了,看你死了以后灵魂往哪儿去?难道你也打算跟汉人一样,死了就破一块草皮,占一块地,埋土里喂蛆,喂虫子啊?你灵魂就上不了腾格里了。老人叹了一口气又说:上回我到旗里去开会,南边几个公社的老人都在犯愁呢,他们说,那儿已经半年没见着狼了,都想到额仑来落户呢……
第三章(2)
兰木扎布推推脑后的狐皮帽帮说:巴图是您老的儿子,您信不过我,还信不过巴图?您问问他我是想当打狼英雄吗?那天盟里的记者上马群找我,巴图也在,您不信问问他,我是不是瞒了一半的数。
老人转头问巴图:有这回事吗?
巴图说:有这事。可人家不信,他们是从收购站打听到兰木扎布卖了多少狼皮的。您也知道,打一条狼按皮质量论价以后,收购站还奖给20发。人家有账本一查就查出来了。记者一回到盟里就广播,说兰木扎布快赶上布赫了。后来吓得兰木扎布卖狼皮都让别人代卖。
老人眉头紧皱:你们俩打狼也打得太狠了,全场就数你们俩打得多。
巴图分辩道:我们马群摊到的草场地界靠外蒙最近,狼也最多,不打狠了,界桩那边的狼群来得还要多,当年的马驹子就剩不下多少了。
老人又问:怎么你们俩都来了,就留张继原一人看马群?
巴图说:夜里狼多,我们俩就接他的班。白天起黄羊,他没弄过,不如我俩快。
高原冬日的太阳似乎升不高,离地面反而越来越近。蓝天变白了,黄草照白了,雪地表面微微融化,成了一片白汪汪的反光镜。人群、狗群和车队,在强烈的白光中晃成了幻影。所有的男人都掏出墨镜戴上,女人和孩子则用马蹄袖罩住了自己的眼睛。几个已经得了雪盲症的牛倌,紧闭眼睛,但还流泪不止。而大狗们仍然瞪大眼睛,观察远处跳跃的野兔,或低头嗅着道旁狐狸新鲜的长条足迹。
接近围场,狗群立即发现雪坡上的异物,便狂吼着冲过去。一些没喂饱的狗,抢食狼群丢弃的黄羊残肢剩肉。毕利格家的巴勒和小组里几条出了名的大猎狗,则竖起鬃毛,到处追闻着雪地上狼的尿粪气味,眼珠慢转,细心辨别和判断狼群的数量和实力,以及是哪位头狼来过此地。老人说,巴勒能认得额仑草原大部分狼,大部分的狼也认得巴勒。巴勒的鬃毛竖了起来,就告诉人,这群狼来头不小。
人们骑在马上逐一进入围场,低头仔细察看。山坡上的死黄羊大多被狼群吃得只剩下羊头和粗骨架。毕利格老人指了指雪地上的狼爪印说:昨天夜里还有几群狼来过。他又指了指几缕灰**的狼毛说,两群狼还打过仗,像是界桩那边的狼群也追着黄羊群气味过来了,那边的食少,狼更厉害。
马队终于登上了山梁。人们像发现聚宝盆一样,激动得狂呼乱叫,并向后面的车队转圈抡帽子。嘎斯迈带头跳下了车,拽着头牛小步快跑。所有的女人都跟着跳下车,使劲地敲打自家的牛。轻车快牛,车队迅速移动。
兰木扎布看着山下的猎场,眼珠子都快瞪出来了:喔嚯,这群狼可真了不得,圈进去这老些黄羊,前年我们二十多个马倌牛倌,跑垮了马,才圈进去三十多只。
毕利格老人勒住马,端起望远镜仔细扫望大雪窝和四周山头。人们全勒住马,望四周,等待老人发话。
陈阵也端起了望远镜。坡下就是那片埋掩了无数黄羊,可能还埋葬过古代武士的大雪窝。雪窝中间是比较平展的一片,像一个冰封雪盖的高山大湖。湖边斜坡上残留着十几处黄羊的残骸。最令人吃惊的是,湖里居然有七八个黄点,有的还在动,陈阵看清了那是被迫冲入雪湖,但尚未完全陷进雪窝的黄羊。雪湖近处的雪面上有数十个大大小小的雪坑,远处更多,都是遭到灭顶之灾的黄羊留下的痕迹。雪湖不同于水湖,所有沉湖的物体都会在湖面上留下清晰的标志。
毕利格老人对巴图说:你们几个留在这里铲雪道,让车往前靠。然后老人带着陈阵和兰木扎布慢慢向“湖里”走去。老人对陈阵说:千万看清羊蹄印狼爪印再下脚,没草的地方最好别踩。
三人小心翼翼骑马踏雪下坡。雪越来越厚,草越来越少。又走了十几步,雪面上全是密密麻麻筷子头大小的小孔,每个小孔都伸出一支干黄坚韧的草茎草尖,这些小孔都是风吹草尖在雪面上摇磨出来的。老人说:这些小洞是腾格里给狼做的气孔,要不大雪这么深,狼咋就能闻见雪底下埋的死牲口?陈阵笑着点了点头。
小孔和草尖是安全的标识,再走几十步,雪面上便一个草孔和草尖也见不着了。但是,黄羊蹄印和狼爪印还清晰可见。强壮的蒙古马吭哧吭哧地踏破三指厚的硬雪壳,陷入深深的积雪里,一步一步向雪湖靠近,朝最近处的一摊黄羊残骨走去。马终于迈不开步了,三人一下马,顿时砸破雪壳,陷进深雪。三人费力地为自己踩出一块能够转身的台地。陈阵的脚旁是一只被吃过的黄羊,歪斜在乱雪里,还有一堆冻硬的黄羊胃包里的草食。大约有三四十只大黄羊在这一带被狼群抓住吃掉,而狼群也在这里止步。
抬头望去,陈阵从来没有见过如此奇特而悲惨的景象:八九只大小黄羊,哆哆嗦嗦地站在百米开外的雪坡上和更远的湖面上。羊的四周就是雪坑,是其它黄羊的葬身之处。这些活着的羊,已吓得不敢再迈一步,而这仅存的一小块雪壳还随时可能破裂。还有几只黄羊四条细腿全部戳进雪中,羊身却被雪壳托住,留在雪面。羊还活着,但已不能动弹。这些草原上最善跑的自由精灵,如今却饥寒交迫,寸步难行,经受着死神最后的残忍折磨。最骇人的是,雪面上还露出几个黄羊的头颅,羊身羊脖全已没入雪中,可能羊脚下踩到了小山包或是摞起来的同伴尸体,才得以露头。陈阵在望远镜里似乎能看到羊在张嘴呼救,但口中却发不出一点声音。也许那些黄羊早已冻死或憋死,冻成了生命最后一瞬的雕塑。
雪坡和雪湖表面的雪壳泛着白冰一样的美丽光泽,但却阴险冷酷,这又是腾格里赐给草原狼和草原人,保卫草原的最具杀伤力的暗器和冷兵器。额仑草原冬季山地里的雪壳,是草原白毛风和阳光的杰作。一场又一场的白毛风像扬场一样,刮走了松软的雪花,留下颗粒紧密像铁砂一样的雪沙。雪沙落在雪面上,就给松软的雪层罩上了一层硬雪。在阳光强烈而无风的上午或中午,雪面又会微微融化,一到午后冷风一吹雪面重又凝结。几场白毛风以后,雪面就形成了三指厚的雪壳,壳里雪中有冰、冰中掺雪,比雪更硬、比冰略脆,平整光滑、厚薄不一。最厚硬的地方可以承受一个人的重量,但大部分地方却经不住黄羊尖蹄的踏踩。
眼前近处的场景更让人心惊胆寒:所有能被狼够得着的黄羊,都已被狼群从雪坑里刨出来,拽出来。深雪边缘有一道道纵向的雪壕,这都是狼群拽拖战俘留下的痕迹。雪壕的尽头就是一个一个的屠宰场和野餐地。黄羊被吃得很浪费,狼只挑内脏和好肉吃,雪面一片狼藉。狼群显然是听到人狗的动静,刚刚撤离,狼足带出的雪沙还在雪面上滚动,几摊被狼粪融化的湿雪也还没有完全结冰。
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青铜峡天气青铜峡天气预报
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"152801","临河"
"152921","鄂尔多斯"
"150401","赤峰"
"152301","通辽"
"152502","锡林浩特"
"152101","海拉尔"
"152201","乌兰浩特"
"210101","沈阳"
"210201","大连"
"210301","鞍山"
"210401","抚顺"
"210501","本溪"
"210701","锦州"
"210801","营口"
"210901","阜新"
"211101","盘锦"
"211201","铁岭"
"211301","朝阳"
"211401","葫芦岛"
"210601","丹东"
"220101","长春"
"220201","吉林"
"220301","四平"
"220401","辽源"
"220601","松原"
"222301","白城"
"222401","延边"
"220501","通化"
"230101","哈尔滨"
"230301","鸡西"
"230401","鹤岗"
"230501","双鸭山"
"230701","伊春"
"230801","佳木斯"
"230901","七台河"
"231001","牡丹江"
"232301","绥化"
"230201","齐齐哈尔"
"230601","大庆"
"232601","黑河"
"232700","大兴安岭"
"310100","上海"
"320101","南京"
"320201","无锡"
"320301","徐州"
"320401","常州"
"320501","苏州"
"320600","南通"
"320701","连云港"
"320801","淮阴"
"320901","盐城"
"321001","扬州"
"321101","镇江"
"321102","泰州"
"321103","宿迁"
"330101","杭州"
"330201","宁波"
"330301","温州"
"330401","嘉兴"
"330501","湖州"
"330601","绍兴"
"330701","金华"
"330801","衢州"
"330901","舟山"
"332501","丽水"
"332602","台州"
"340101","合肥"
"340201","芜湖"
"340301","蚌埠"
"340401","淮南"
"340501","马鞍山"
"340601","淮北"
"340701","铜陵"
"340801","安庆"
"341001","黄山市"
"342101","阜阳"
"342201","宿州"
"342301","滁州"
"342401","六安"
"342501","宣城"
"342601","巢湖"
"342901","池州"
"350101","福州"
"350201","厦门"
"350301","莆田"
"350401","三明"
"350501","泉州"
"350601","漳州"
"352101","南平"
"352201","宁德"
"352601","龙岩"
"352602","陇南"
"352603","庆阳"
"360101","南昌"
"360201","景德镇"
"362101","赣州"
"360301","萍乡"
"360401","九江"
"360501","新余"
"360601","鹰潭"
"362201","宜春"
"362301","上饶"
"362401","吉安"
"370101","济南"
"370201","青岛"
"370301","淄博"
"370401","枣庄"
"370501","东营"
"370601","烟台"
"370701","潍坊"
"370801","济宁"
"370901","泰安"
"371001","威海"
"371100","日照"
"372301","滨州"
"372401","德州"
"372501","聊城"
"372801","临沂"
"372901","菏泽"
"372902","莱芜"
"410101","郑州"
"410201","开封"
"410301","洛阳"
"410401","平顶山"
"410501","安阳"
"410601","鹤壁"
"410701","新乡"
"410801","焦作"
"410901","濮阳"
"411001","许昌"
"411101","漯河"
"411201","三门峡"
"412301","商丘"
"412701","周口"
"412801","驻马店"
"412901","南阳"
"413001","信阳"
"420101","武汉"
"420201","黄石"
"420301","十堰"
"420400","随州"
"420501","宜昌"
"420601","襄樊"
"420701","鄂州"
"420801","荆门"
"422103","黄冈"
"422201","孝感"
"422301","咸宁"
"422421","荆州"
"422801","恩施"
"430101","长沙"
"430401","衡阳"
"430501","邵阳"
"432801","郴州"
"432901","永州"
"430801","韶山"
"430802","张家界"
"433001","怀化"
"433101","吉首"
"430201","株洲"
"430301","湘潭"
"430601","岳阳"
"430701","常德"
"432301","益阳"
"432501","娄底"
"440101","广州"
"440301","深圳"
"441501","汕尾"
"441301","惠州"
"441601","河源"
"441801","清远"
"441901","东莞"
"440401","珠海"
"440701","江门"
"441201","肇庆"
"442001","中山"
"440801","湛江"
"440901","茂名"
"440201","韶关"
"440501","汕头"
"441401","梅州"
"441701","阳江"
"441702","潮州"
"441703","顺德"
"441704","揭阳"
"441705","云浮"
"450101","南宁"
"450401","梧州"
"452501","玉林"
"450301","桂林"
"452601","百色"
"452701","河池"
"452802","钦州"
"450201","柳州"
"450501","北海"
"450502","防城港"
"450503","贵港"
"450504","贺州"
"460100","海口"
"460200","三亚"
"460300","西沙群岛"
"510101","成都"
"513321","眉山"
"513101","雅安"
"513229","峨嵋山"
"510301","自贡"
"500100","重庆"
"500102","万州"
"500103","涪陵"
"512901","南充"
"510501","泸州"
"510601","德阳"
"510701","绵阳"
"510901","遂宁"
"511001","内江"
"511101","乐山"
"512501","宜宾"
"510801","广元"
"513021","达州"
"513401","资阳"
"510401","攀枝花"
"510402","阿坝"
"510403","甘孜"
"510404","凉山"
"510405","广安"
"510406","巴中"
"500239","黔江"
"520101","贵阳"
"520200","六盘水"
"522201","铜仁"
"522501","安顺"
"522601","凯里"
"522701","都匀"
"522301","兴义"
"522421","毕节"
"522101","遵义"
"530101","昆明"
"530201","德宏"
"532201","曲靖"
"532301","楚雄"
"532401","玉溪"
"532501","红河"
"532621","文山"
"532721","思茅"
"532101","昭通"
"532821","西双版纳"
"532901","大理"
"533001","保山"
"533121","怒江"
"533221","丽江"
"533321","迪庆"
"533521","临沧"
"540101","拉萨"
"542121","昌都"
"542221","山南"
"542301","日喀则"
"542421","那曲"
"542523","阿里"
"542621","林芝"
"610101","西安"
"610201","铜川"
"610301","宝鸡"
"610401","咸阳"
"612101","渭南"
"612301","汉中"
"612401","安康"
"612501","商洛"
"612601","延安"
"612701","榆林"
"620101","兰州"
"620401","白银"
"620301","金昌"
"620501","天水"
"622201","张掖"
"622301","武威"
"622421","定西"
"622701","平凉"
"622901","临夏"
"620201","嘉峪关"
"622102","酒泉"
"630100","西宁"
"632121","果洛"
"632221","海西"
"632321","格尔木"
"632521","海东"
"632621","海北"
"632721","玉树"
"632802","黄南"
"640101","银川"
"640201","石嘴山"
"642101","吴忠"
"642221","固原"
"650101","乌鲁木齐"
"650201","克拉玛依"
"652101","吐鲁番"
"652201","哈密"
"652301","昌吉"
"652701","博乐"
"652801","库尔勒"
"652901","阿克苏"
"653001","克州"
"653101","喀什"
"654101","伊犁"
"655001","石河子"
"655002","塔城"
"655003","阿勒泰"
"710001","台北"
"211001","辽阳"
"653201","和田"
"820000","澳门"
"810000","香港"
://.kingdeone
1、宁夏青铜峡市8月15号至8月20号的天气状况2、有没有朋友了解宁夏青铜峡市那边的煤矿天气情况以及生活条件,兄弟在此感谢了。3、青铜峡白天天气,夜间天气怎么样4、有关宁夏天气气候八百字小短文宁夏青铜峡市8月15号至8月20号的天气状况
空气质量实况
空气质量:良AQI:74PM2.5:37
PM10:72O3:178NO2:34CO:2.337
天气:多云30℃
西北风2级湿度:33%
有没有朋友了解宁夏青铜峡市那边的煤矿天气情况以及生活条件,兄弟在此感谢了。
大西北都很缺水的
青铜峡没去过,靠近黄河可能好一点,看卫星地图,那绿化还可以的
青铜峡白天天气,夜间天气怎么样
宁夏青铜峡天气预报
20:25实况
相对湿度83%
西南风1级
18℃
20日夜间
多云
15°C
微风
有关宁夏天气气候八百字小短文
宁夏深居西北内陆高原,属典型的大陆性半湿润半干旱气候,雨季多集中在6—9月,具有冬寒长,夏暑短,雨雪稀少,气候干燥,风大沙多,南寒北暖等特点。由于宁夏平均海拔在1000米以上,所以夏季基本没有酷暑;1月平均气温在零下8oC以下,极端低温在零下22oC以下。
宁夏气候的最显著特征是:气温日差大,日照时间长,太阳辐射强,大部分地区昼夜温差一般可达12—15oC。所以即使在夏季去宁夏,也应该准备几件厚衣服。每年5月-10月,是最佳旅游季节。
宁夏地处中国内陆,属温带大陆性干旱、半干旱气候。由于位于中国季风区的西缘,夏季受东南季风影响,时间短,降水少,7月最热,平均气温24°C;冬季受西北季风影响大,时间长,气温变化起伏大,1月最冷,平均气温-9°C。全区年降水量在150毫米至600毫米之间。南部六盘山区阴湿多雨,气温低,无霜期短。北部日照充足,蒸发强烈,昼夜温差大,全年日照达3000小时,无霜期150天左右,是中国日照和太阳辐射最充足的地区之一。宁夏四季分明,春天暖的快,秋天凉的早。5~9月间,宁夏山川气候宜人,风景如画,是旅游观光的黄金季节。
宁夏位于中国地势第一阶梯向第二阶梯转折的过渡地带,全境海拔1000米以上,地势南高北低,高差近1000米。境内山峰迭起,平原错落,丘陵连绵,沙丘、沙地散布。
宁夏处在北纬35°25′至39°25′;东经104°10′至107°30′之间,地处中纬度内陆,远离海洋。在北半球,太阳的直射点每年规律地运动于赤道两侧的南北回归线之间,因此地理纬度决定一个地方的太阳高度角大小,日照时间长短及获取太阳能量的多少,宁夏所处的地理位置,在一年中太阳高度有较大的变化,以北纬38°的宁夏平原为例,冬至日中午太阳高度为29°,日照时间为9小时21分;夏至日中午太阳高度为79°,日照时间为14小时49分,这就是造成“冬冷夏热”的基本原因。
地形地貌的影响
宁夏地形地貌比较复杂,大致可以分为黄土面原、鄂尔多斯台地,黄河两岸的冲积平原和沿山地区的洪积扇,以及六盘山、罗山、贺兰山等山地。地势南高北低,西陡东缓。地貌由南部的流水侵入地貌向北部的风蚀地貌过渡。
地形地貌及地势高低对气候的形成有很大的影响,气压的高低主要是海拔高度引起的,海拔愈高,气压就愈低,贺兰山气象站海拔2910米,年平均气压为715.0百帕,而山下的平罗海拔l099米,年平均气压达到892.0百帕。
风受地形的影响,可使风向、风速发生变化,而造成地方性风。惠农处在贺兰山与桌子山之间的咽喉狭窄地带,当风从北部开阔地区吹入时,峡谷的作用使风速加大,所以惠农是宁夏大风最多的地方。大武口紧靠贺兰山东坡,夏半年出现较多的山谷风,白天吹谷风,夜间吹山风,这是由于山坡和谷地热力作用不同步,空气密度不一致引起的。整个宁夏平原的主导风向为北风,与贺兰山南北走向基本一致。山脉能够改变气流运行的方向,如浅层的西风,受到贺兰山阻挡时,因无力翻越山顶,便沿西坡南下,行至南段山脉较低处便会越山而过,然后再沿山北上,所以经常可以看到青铜峡吹偏西风,而银川吹的是偏南风。
山脉、地形对气温影响更为明显,贺兰山、六盘山年平均气温分别只有-0.8℃和1.0℃,而山下的银川、隆德与固原,年平均气温分别为8.6℃、5.1℃和6.2℃。由山下至山顶温度垂直递减率,贺兰山东坡为0.53℃/100米,六盘山西坡为0.58℃/100米,六盘山东坡为0.49℃/100米。气流越过山脉下滑时,会产生干绝热增温的焚风效应,所以贺兰山东坡的年气温普遍高于西坡的巴音浩特1℃,大武口紧靠东坡,焚风效应更为明显,年平均气温比巴音浩特高2.4℃。山间盆地、谷地较开阔的平原容易引起冷空气的堆积而造成霜冻,六盘山下的隆德,处在四周环山的谷地,有利于冷空气堆积,所以隆德气温≤2℃初霜日出现最早(9月18日,终霜日结束最迟(6月3日,无霜期最短仅有103天。
迎风坡地形对气流有抬升作用,有利于降水的形成。所以贺兰山、六盘山较其四周地区的降水量为大,降水日为多,大多数暴雨也在山坡地区发生。贺兰山年降水量429.8毫米,≥1.0毫米年降水日数达90天,而沿山各地年降水在200毫米以下,年降水日仅有45天左右。六盘山南坡是暖湿气流北上的通道,地形抬升使山地的降水特多,六盘山、泾源、隆德年降水量达600一700毫米,年降水日数多达l10—130天,而处在北坡山后的固原年降水量为478.2毫米,年降水日数为95天。
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